As scientists around the world seek for solutions for Alzheimer’s disease, a new study reveals that two indigenous groups in the Bolivian Amazon have among the lowest rates of dementia in the world.
An international team of researchers found among older Tsimane and Moseten people, only about 1% suffer from dementia. In contrast, 11% of people age 65 and older living in the United States have dementia, according to the Alzheimer’s Association.
“Something about the pre-industrial subsistence lifestyle appears to protect older Tsimane and Moseten from dementia,” said Margaret Gatz, the lead study author and professor of psychology, gerontology and preventive medicine at the Center for Economic and Social Research at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences.
The study, published in Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, found only five cases of dementia among 435 Tsimane people and just one case among 169 Moseten age 60 and over. Researchers used computed tomography (CT) brain scan images, cognitive and neurological assessments and culturally appropriate questionnaires — facilitated by a local team of trained translators and Bolivian physicians — to diagnose dementia and cognitive impairment among the Tsimane and Moseten.
In the same over-60 groups, the research team diagnosed about 8% of Tsimane and 10% of Moseten with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is typically marked by early stage memory loss or decline of other cognitive ability, such as language or spatial perception. The study’s authors pointed out these rates are more comparable to MCI in high-income countries like the U.S.
Researchers were surprised to find that the study participants found to have dementia or MCI frequently had unusual and prominent calcifications of their intracranial arteries. These study participants frequently displayed Parkinsonian symptoms during neurological examinations and cognitive deficits in attention, spatial awareness and executive functioning.
Although calcifications were more common among the cognitively impaired, researchers also observed these vascular calcifications in the CT scans of those without dementia or MCI. They say more research is needed to understand the role of vascular factors as well as infectious and inflammatory disorders — which are highly prevalent in these populations — along with other risks for dementia. To this end, the research team is currently returning to all the Tsimane and Moseten villages to revisit those who were previously assessed.
It’s surprising that the Tsimane rate of dementia is so low despite their high inflammatory load; in high-income countries, infectious burdens are typically significantly lower, but the rates of dementia are much higher than in Tsimane. This may highlight the roles of diet and lifestyle in determining dementia risk, said Assistant Professor of Gerontology Andrei Irimia, a co-author of the new study.
“Another fascinating finding is that the dementia pattern exhibited by Tsimane is distinct from that documented in Alzheimer’s disease. This is important because the ability to identify and characterize dementia subtypes is critical for testing hypotheses on dementia causes,” he said. “Together, these unexpected findings of the study highlight the importance of cognitive decline research in this unique population.”
Comparing dementia rates among Tsimane, Moseten and other indigenous peoples
The roughly 17,000 Tsimane remain physically very active throughout their lifespans as they fish, hunt and farm with hand tools and gather food from the forest. The 3,000 Moseten also reside in rural villages and engage in subsistence agricultural work. Unlike the more isolated Tsimane, they live closer to towns and have schools, access to clean water and medical services, and are more likely to be literate.
The fact that indigenous populations in other parts of the world have high rates of dementia may be due to a higher amount of contact with — and adoption of lifestyles of — their non-indigenous neighbors. They also face greater risks of diabetes, hypertension, alcohol abuse, obesity and cardiovascular disease. The study authors compared their results to a systematic review of 15 studies of indigenous populations in Australia, North America, Guam and Brazil. That earlier review found dementia prevalence ranging from 0.5% to 20% among indigenous older adults.
These dementia risk factors are extremely low among the Tsimane and Moseten populations. Prior research published in The Lancet showed the Tsimane people have extraordinarily healthy hearts in older age and the lowest prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis (a disease that shows in the form of fatty deposits inside arteries) of any population known to science. This distinction may be linked to their subsistence lifestyle.
Another study published last year in The Journal of Gerontology and led by Irimia found that the Tsimane experience less brain atrophy than their American and European peers.
“This makes a lot of sense because the rate of brain shrinkage is associated with dementia risk,” Irimia said. “Thus, the two studies synergize in singling out the Tsimane as a truly unique population whose future study is likely to reveal a great deal about the environmental determinants of dementia.”
Researchers say in contrast to the Tsimane, lifestyle factors in higher-income countries — including lack of physical activity and diets rich in sugars and fats — contribute to heart disease and may also accelerate brain aging.
Alzheimer’s research: A race for solutions
Aging is the most important known risk factor for Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Converging evidence points to low formal education, midlife hypertension and diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, physical inactivity and — most recently — air pollution as the major modifiable risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
An aging global population, along with the proliferation of those modifiable risk factors, will lead to a tripling of the number of people with dementia worldwide by 2050, to more than 152 million, according to estimates.
“We’re in a race for solutions to the growing prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias,” said Hillard Kaplan, a study co-author and professor of health economics and anthropology at Chapman University who has studied the Tsimane for two decades. “Looking at these diverse populations augments and accelerates our understanding of these diseases and generate new insights.”
“By working with populations like the Tsimane and the Moseten, we can get a better understanding of global human variation and what human health was like in different environments before industrialization,” said Benjamin Trumble, a study co-author and an associate professor in the School of Human Evolution and Social Change and the Center for Evolution and Medicine at Arizona State University. “What we do know is the sedentary, urban, industrial life is quite novel when compared with how our ancestors lived for more than 99% of humanity’s existence.”
In addition to Gatz, Kaplan and Trumble, study authors include: Wendy J. Mack, Helena C. Chui, Giuseppe Barisano, Andrei Irimia, Ellen E. Walters and Caleb E. Finch of USC; E. Meng Law, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; M. Linda Sutherland and James D. Sutherland, MemorialCare Health Systems, Fountain Valley, Calif.; Daniel Eid Rodriguez, Institute of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, San Simon University, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Raul Quispe Gutierrez, Juan Copajira Adrian, Jesus Bani Cuata, Tsimane Health and Life History Project, San Borja, Beni, Bolivia; Amy R. Borenstein, University of California San Diego School of Medicine; Christopher J. Rowan, Renown Institute for Heart and Vascular Health, Reno, Nevada; L. Samuel Wann, Edmond Seabright and Paul L. Hooper University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Adel H. Allam, Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Randall C. Thompson, Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; Michael I. Miyamoto, Providence Health, Mission Viejo, Calif., David E. Michalik, Memorial Care Miller Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Long Beach, Calif.; Daniel K. Cummings, Argyos School of Business and Economics, Chapman University; Angela R. Garcia, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona; Thomas S. Kraft and Michael D. Gurven, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, Calif.; Gregory S. Thomas, MemorialCare Heart & Vascular Institute, Fountain Valley, Calif. and Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, Calif.; Jonathan Stieglitz, Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
Research funding was provided by the National Institutes of Health, award number: RF1 AG 054442 and the Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse (IAST); French National Research Agency (ANR), award number: ANR-17-EURE-0010.
Top image: A Tsimane family travels upstream in the local river. (Photo/Courtesy of Michael Gurven, UC Santa Barbara)
